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Osama bin Laden was the founder and chief of the Muslim militant organization al-Qaeda. He was the son of a Saudi billionaire but chose to adopt militancy after taking part in the Soviet-Afghan War (1980s). Due to his motives and activities of his organized, Saudi Arabia canceled his citizenship in 1994. The most famous terror activity of his organization was the September 11 attacks, which initiated the global War on Terror. Later,  US Special Forces killed him on 2 nd May 2011 in a Pakistani city, Abbottabad. Early Life Osama bin Laden was born on 10 th March 1957 in Riyadh ( Saudi Arabia ). His father, Mohammad bin Awad bin Laden, was a billionaire and founder of the construction company Saudi Binladin Group. His mother’s name was Hamida Ibrahim. In his childhood, Osama bin Laden attended Al-Thager Model School in Jeddah and earned a degree in Civil Engineering  in 1979. In 1974, Osama married his first cousin Najwa Ghanem in Latakia (Syria). Osama bin Laden was a thi...

September 11 attacks (also 9/11 attacks) were suicide bombings attacks by 19 terrorists who hijacked 4 passenger airline planes from the eastern coast of the USA and blew them in their respective targets. Two of the planes hit the Twin Towers of the  World Trade Center in New York, the third plane destroyed the west wall of the  Pentagon in Virginia and the fourth plane crashed in Pennsylvania while its possible target was the  White House or Capitol . Almost 3,000 people were killed during these attacks including 19 hijackers, 72 security personnel, and 343 firefighters. Events During Attacks De struction of World Trade Center (WTC) A Boeing 767 aircraft of American Airlines Flight 11 took off from Boston’s Logan Airport at 7:59 am (local time) on 11 th September 2001. After around 15 minutes, hijackers took control of the plane after overpowering the pilot and the crew members. Muhammad Atta was leading the hijack while there were a total of five hijackers in ...

Kaiser William (or Wilhelm) II was the third and last emperor of the German Empire and the last king of the Kingdom of Prussia . He remained the emperor for 30 years (1888-1918). The German defeat in  World War I (1914-18) ended his reign and abolished the monarchy. Early Life William was born on 27 th January 1859 in Berlin to the 2 nd German Emperor Frederick III. Her mother,  Victoria,  was the eldest child of Queen Victoria of the U.K. Wilhelm finished high school in 1877 while he studied law and politics at the  University of Bonn. Under the influence of his German tutors, William became an extreme antagonist of the British form of democracy while he was much interested in autocratic rule according to Prussian thought.  William II as Emperor On 9 th March 1888, Emperor Wilhelm I died and was replaced by Wilhelm II’s father,  Frederick III . He also passed away  in June 1888 due to throat cancer, and Wilhelm II became the German emperor...

Russian Revolution of 1905 was a political event in Russia that included strikes from workers, soldiers’ mutiny, and general unrest among the people. The main objective of this revolution was the demand by peasants and factory workers for a reduction in their working hours and an increase in wages. This revolution led Russia to become a constitutional monarchy by replacing absolute monarchy. The Russian Revolution of 1905 is also known as the rehearsal for the Russian Revolution of 1917 . Causes of 1905 Revolution The condition of peasants and factory workers was miserable due to difficulties they faced at their farms and factories. The peasants were getting deeper into debt due to two main reasons. They had insufficient land, which prevented them from earning according to their necessities. Furthermore, it was also impossible for them to sell or mortgage their land. On the other hand, the factory workers were paid very little despite their long working hours. Russia’s humiliating d...

George Washington was the First President of the United States of America and the Military Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War . He was given the title of Father of His Country due to his role in the American Revolutionary War and as the first President of the USA. Early Life George Washington was born in Virginia on 22 nd February 1732. His great-grandfather migrated from England to Virginia in 1657. His father, Augustine Washington , was a tobacco planter. George Washington acquired his elementary school education from an Anglican school in Fredericksburg.  Role During the French and Indian War The French and Indian War (1754-1763) was the first military expedition of George Washington, where he fought for the British. It was not a very successful experience. Washington remained victorious during his first small-scale Battle of Jumonville Glen  (1754), but badly failed in the following two battles.  Washington gained valuable mi...

Roman Empire was one of the greatest empires of the ancient world and the greatest in ancient European history.  Augustus  founded the  Roman Empire,  replacing the  Roman Republic , by  becoming emperor  in 27 BC . In 117 AD, the Roman Empire reached its zenith by capturing a large part of western and southern Europe, North Africa, and western Asia. However,  it became much more difficult for the emperors to control the vast empire due to   its  expansion in the far-flung areas . The Crisis of the Third Century (235-284 AD) made it impossible for the emperor to rule the entire Roman Empire. Consequently, it disintegrated into the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) and Western Roman Empire in 285 AD.  Top Reasons Behind the Division Roman Empire faced threats from both its eastern and western sides. Germanic Tribes were their main enemy on the western side while they had to fight against the  Parthian Empire (and Sas...

Philip II of Macedon was the king of Macedon (an Ancient Greek kingdom). He remained a monarch from 359 BC to 336 BC till his death. Philip II was the first Greek ruler who defeated all the opposing Greek city-states and founded a united Greek kingdom to fight against the Persian Empire. Later, his son Alexander III ( Alexander the Great ) defeated Persians with the help of the united Greek troops and founded the Hellenistic civilization.  Early Life Philip II was born in 383 BC in Pella (Macedon). He was the youngest son of Amyntas III, the king of Macedon. Philip remained a prisoner in Thebes f rom 368 to 365 BC, during which he received diplomatic and military education. He returned to Macedon in 364 BC. By 359 BC, Philip’s elder brothers (Alexander II and Perdiccas III) had died. Due to these deaths, Philip became eligible to take the throne in 359.  Philip II as King At the time of the accession of Philip II, the situation in Macedon was very miserable. His brot...