History Educate

Alexander III of Macedon was the king of Ancient Greece. Due to his great successes and occupation of a large empire, he is famous as Alexander the Great. During his 13 years of reign, he conquered Egypt, Persia, and a large part of Asia and North Africa. He is known as one of the greatest military generals in human history. Early Life Alexander was born on 20 th July 356 BC in Pella (then the capital of the Macedonian kingdom and now in Greece). His father,  Philip II of Macedon ,  united all parts of Greece under a single leadership. In his childhood, Alexander learned the traits of the noble youth of Macedon, including reading, horse-riding, hunting, and fighting. At 13, Philip appointed the great scholar Aristotle as his tutor. Alexander learned morals, philosophy, medicine, logic, religion, etc. from Aristotle. His later victories were positively affected by the teachings of Aristotle. Alexander’s victories started at 16 when he crushed the rebellion in Thrac...

Ancient Rome was one of the earliest civilizations in Europe, centered around the Italian Peninsula. It rose from a small settlement along the Tiber River, and grew into one of history’s most powerful empires  within a few centuries. However, the significance of the Roman Empire diminished after its   division into two parts in the 4 th Century AD. Alongside  Ancient Greece, the civilization of Ancient Rome shaped the  law, government, architecture, language, and culture in ways still felt today. T he se two ancient civilizations largely influenced the views of the  Renaissance in Europe during the 14 th Century. There are four eras of this ancient civilization: the Roman Kingdom, the Roman Republic, the Roman Empire, and the division of the Roman Empire . Roman Kingdom According to legend,  twin brothers Romulus and Remus  founded the city of Rome in 753 BCE. Later, Romulus became the first king of the Roman Kingdom. Seven m...

Ancient Greece was one of the earliest civilizations in the world and the first civilization in Europe. It is often regarded as the cradle of Western civilization. Ancient Greece continuously influences the modern world through its ideas in philosophy, politics, art, and science. The story of Ancient Greece is both remarkable and complex. It starts with the rise of independent city-states, moves through the sweeping conquests of Alexander the Great and eventually declines under Roman dominance. City-States (Polis) Greek cities suffered destruction and abandonment during the Dark Ages (1180-800 BC). Around the 8th century BCE, Greece recovered from the “Greek Dark Ages” into a period of growth and innovation. But unlike unified empires such as Egypt or Persia, Greece developed as a collection of independent city-states , or poleis . Each polis was a self-governing community with its own political systems, military, currency  and culture. Athens : The city is known for its democr...

In 622 AD, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and his followers migrated from Makkah to Madinah to save themselves from the atrocities of the Quraysh of Makkah. This migration ( Hijra ) later resulted in the formation of the  First Islamic City State in Madinah, which paved the way for the  Conquest of Makkah and gaining strength of Islam in the whole of the Arabian Peninsular during the life of Muhammad (PBUH). Reasons of Migration The revelation of the Holy Qur’an started in 610 AD, and Muhammad (PBUH) publically declared his prophethood in 613 AD. The majority of the idol-worshipping people of Makkah, the Quraysh tribe, totally refused the oneness of God, the prophethood of Muhammad (PBUH), and his teachings and did anything possible to eliminate this new religion before it could develop its roots. The rich and poor Muslims faced the cruelty and atrocities of Quraysh, while converted slaves suffered severe punishments from their masters.  In 613 and 615 AD, several ...

Migration to Abyssinia is a significant event in Islamic History. Through this migration (Hijrah), several Muslims saved themselves from the persecution of the  Quraysh tribe of Makkah. The helpful experience of this migration paved the way for a far more fruitful Muslim Migration to Madinah, which later proved to be the basis of the formation of the Islamic Caliphate. Situation Before Hijrah Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) started preaching Islam secretly in 610 AD. After three years, he publically started teaching Islam and declared his prophethood. Quraysh became furious at his teachings as it was against the way of their forefathers. They started mistreating those few people who accepted Islam, and life became difficult for Muslims in Makkah. First Hijrah to Abyssinia At that time, Muslims heard about a kind-hearted king of Abyssinia (now in Ethiopia and Eritrea), Najashi . On seeing the difficulties of people and the cruelty of Quraysh, Muhammad (PBUH) allowed a few ...

Ali bin Abi Talib (RA) was a companion, cousin, and son-in-law of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). He was the fourth Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate and became the ruler after the martyrdom of the third Caliph, Usman (RA). He was a brave warrior and able leader, but  the  First Fitna  (first civil war) between Muslims ruined his five years of the Caliphate. Early Life Ali (RA) was born in 601 AD in Makkah in the Bani Hashim clan of Quraysh. His father was Abu Talib (uncle of Muhammad (PBUH) ), and his mother’s name was Fatimah bint Asad. At a younger age, Muhammad (PBUH)  adopted Ali due to the weak economic conditions of Abu Talib. He was one of the earliest converts to Islam, even before his teenage. Migration to Madinah & Later Life On the night when Muhammad (PBUH) and Abu Bakr (RA) migrated to Madinah , Ali (RA) slept on the bed of the Prophet (PBUH) and endangered his life. He later reached Madinah after returning the...

Usman bin Affan (RA) was a companion and son-in-law of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). He also became the third Caliph of the  Rashidun Caliphate after the martyrdom of the second Caliph Umar (RA). Usman is famous for his generosity, which earned him the title of Ghani (the generous). He married two daughters of Muhammad (PBUH):  Ruqayyah (RA) and Umm-e-Kulsum (RA). Due to this, he is also known as Zul-Nourain (Possessor of Two Lights). He was the last Islamic ruler with  Madinah as  Capital . His martyrdom during his caliphate began the division among Muslims, which even prevails today. Early Life Usman (RA) was born in Makkah in 577 AD in the  Bani Umayyad clan of the Quraysh tribe. His father’s name was Affan bin al-As while his mother was Urwa bint Kariz, a  cousin of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) . Usman (RA) was a successful merchant and one of the wealthiest among the Makkans. Life as a Muslim Usman was a close friend of Abu Bakr (RA) . In 611 ...