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  Battle of the Trench (Ghazwa-e-Khandaq) or Battle of the Confederates (Ghazwa-e-Ahzab) was the third and last major battle between Muslims and Quraysh of Makkah. During this battle, Muslims dug a trench around Madinah to save the city from the invasion of Quraysh. Its other name is the Battle of Confederates because several Jewish and Arab tribes allied with Quraysh to uproot Muslims from Madinah. The battle was fought in 5 AH and ended with victory for Muslims as the invaders could not breach the defenses of Madinah despite their extreme effort. Causes of the Battle of Trench The Battle of Uhud (3 AH) remained successful for Quraysh, and they decided to destroy the Muslim city-state of Madinah in the next battle as early as possible. They got the chance to invade Madinah two years later in 5 AH after gaining the support of many Arab and Jewish tribes. Jewish tribes of Banu Qaynuqa and Banu Nadir were expelled by Muhammad (PBUH) due to their breach of the Charter of Madinah. Th...

The Battle of Uhud ( Ghazwa-e-Uhud ) was the second major battle between Muslims and the Quraysh of Makkah in 3 AH (625 AD). It was fought in the valley of Mount Uhud (north of Madinah). Despite initial gains, Muslims suffered heavy casualties during the battle due to the indiscipline approach of newly converted young Muslims. However, this battle remained indecisive as Quraysh could not destroy the city-state of Madinah, and the two armies met again in 5 AH for the Battle of Trench . Causes of the Battle of Uhud The Battle of Badr in 2 AH proved disastrous for Quraysh, during which they lost 70 men, including several tribal chiefs. Now, they were anxious to take revenge for their defeat and reinstate their reputation in Arabia. After the defeat at Badr, the Jews of Madinah also invited Quraysh for another invasion of Madinah and assured their full support for Quraysh against Muslims despite their treaty with Muslims. Jews were feeling pressure due to the gaining of strength by Mu...

The Battle of Badr ( Ghazwa-e-Badr) was the first major battle between Muslims and Quraysh, fought in 2 AH (624 AD). It was a decisive battle in favor of Muslims, and they emerged as a significant political power in the Arabian Peninsula after their victory in this battle. Background Muslims had to migrate to Madinah in 623 AD to save themselves from the persecution of Quraysh. In Madinah, they established a Muslim brotherhood between the local Muslims ( Ansar ) and the emigrants ( Muhajirin ). They also signed a treaty (Charter of Madinah) with other groups living inside Madinah to create harmony among all the residents of Madinah. This situation was alarming for Quraysh as the Muslims were now free to spread their religion, which could lessen the importance of Quraysh in the Arabian Peninsula. Quraysh was also worried due to the strategic location of Madinah due to its closeness to the main trade route from Makkah to Sham (Levant). Controlling Madinah allowed the Muslims to ...

Umayyad Caliphate, or Umayyad Dynasty,  was the first Muslim dynasty formed after Rashidun Caliphate. The Umayyad Caliphate lasted around 90 years, from 661 to 750 AD. It was established after the end of the  First Fitnah (First Muslim Civil War) and barely recovered from Second Fitnah (Second Muslim Civil War) at the beginning of their rule. The Umayyad Caliphate is known for the expansion of conquered territories in Asia, Europe, and Africa and the unity of the empire. Soon after the fall of the Umayyad Dynasty , the new Caliphate of the Abbasid Dynasty failed to retain its unification. Background and Establishment Umayyad or Banu Umayya is a clan of Quresh Tribe. A prominent figure of Banu Ummaya was the third Rashidun Caliph Usman bin Affan (RA),  a prominent sahabi (companion) and son-in-law of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) . Many prominent members of the Umayyad clan embraced Islam after the conquest of Makkah by Muhammad (PBUH). In 639, the second Caliph Umar bin K...

Adolf Hitler is one of the most well-known figures of the 20 th Century thanks to his role in initiating and developing World War 2. He was directly behind the assassination of millions of Jews, Slavs, and other civilians during the war. A lot has been written about the personal and political life of this infamous personality. However, several aspects of his life are  still unknown to people. Lesser-Known Facts About Adolf Hitler Following are a few of the most interesting and unbelievable facts about Adolf Hitler’s life. Not a German by Birth Hitler was the most aggressive proponent of German nationalism. However, he wasn’t German by birth. He was born in Austria during the last decade of the 20 th Century. He moved to Germany in the early 1920s and renounced his Austrian citizenship in 1925. During his stay in Germany, he legally remained nation-less for seven years. He was given citizenship in Germany in 1932. Long Mo ustaches Hitler is commonly known for having uniq...

The fall of Byzantine was a gradual process that completed the extermination of the Roman Empire. This process started with the Division of the Roman Empire in the 3 rd Century into the Western Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire. The Western Roman Empire became the victim of Germanic tribes in 476 AD. But the eastern part of the Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) lasted far longer till 1453 before the Fall of Constantinople or the Conquest of Constantinople by the Ottoman Empire. Events leading to the Fall of the Byzantine Empire Roman Empire was one of the greatest empires of ancient history that controlled areas in Europe, Asia Minor, and North Africa during its zenith. But due to internal factors and external invasions, the empire started to crumble in the 4 th Century with the division of the Roman Empire into eastern and western parts. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the eastern part of the Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) lasted for around 1000 more years. The fal...

Mongol Empire was the greatest empire of the 13 th Century and ranked among the most ruthless empires of human history. Their influence diminished during the 14 th Century when the Mongol Empire disintegrated into several relatively smaller dynasties. After its emergence in 1206 from Mongolia, t he Mongol Empire  captured vast areas of Eurasia in just a few decades under the leadership of Genghis Khan and his military commanders. The rise of nomads of Mongolia to become rulers of an  area comprising  today’s Russia, China, Central Asia, Eastern Europe, and parts of the Middle East was not merely due to the capabilities of Mongols. Several other factors also played a vital role in establishing this vast empire. Rise of the Mongol Empire - Important  Reasons The Leadership of Genghis Khan Before the emergence of Genghis Khan, Mongols were divided into various groups and tribes, fighting against each other to control their areas. Genghis Khan also had to fight aga...