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The USSR invaded Afghanistan in December 1979 to assist the newly formed communist regime. At the time, the Soviet Union was already controlling the neighboring countries of Afghanistan in Central Asia, which made it easier for them to bring their soldiers directly to Afghanistan. Soviet-Afghan War Summary Soon after the invasion, the USSR faced stiff resistance from local freedom fighters, commonly known as Mujahideen, who received diplomatic and military assistance from a majority of Muslim and Western countries. Millions of Afghan civilians took refuge in neighboring countries. The resistance continued with its full force despite all types of cruelty and other possible measures taken by the USSR and its puppet regime in Afghanistan for ten years. The Soviet Union realized in 1986 that they would not achieve military victory in Afghanistan. At that time, they started negotiations with the US and other concerned parties, especially Pakistan. It resulted in severe military and ec...

The Battle of Mohacs was a decisive battle between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary. It was fought in 1526 and ended with a comprehensive victory for the Ottoman Empire. The result was the disintegration of Hungary and the cessation of long-standing wars between Hungary and the Ottomans. Background The Ottoman Empire was continuously expanding its territory westwards since its inception. In this process, they fought against various Christian kingdoms, including Hungary. The Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary had been at war since the Battle of Nicopolis in 1396. Both adversaries fought separately several times, while Hungary also sided with other Christian nations against the Ottomans on various occasions. Suleyman the Magnificent, the tenth sultan of the Ottoman Empire, continued these advances after his coronation in 1520. He initially captured Belgrade (now in Serbia) from Hungary in 1521. Later, he decided to eliminate this nuisance. He launched an invasio...

  Battle of the Trench (Ghazwa-e-Khandaq) or Battle of the Confederates (Ghazwa-e-Ahzab) was the third and last major battle between Muslims and Quraysh of Makkah. During this battle, Muslims dug a trench around Madinah to save the city from the invasion of Quraysh. Its other name is the Battle of Confederates because several Jewish and Arab tribes allied with Quraysh to uproot Muslims from Madinah. The battle was fought in 5 AH and ended with victory for Muslims as the invaders could not breach the defenses of Madinah despite their extreme effort. Causes of Battle of Trench The Battle of Uhud (3 AH) remained successful for Quraysh, and they decided to destroy the Muslim city-state of Madinah in the next battle as early as possible. They got the chance to invade Madinah two years later in 5 AH after gaining the support of many Arab and Jewish tribes. Jewish tribes of Banu Qaynuqa and Banu Nadir were expelled by Muhammad (PBUH) due to their breach of the Charter of Madinah. They w...

The Battle of Uhud ( Ghazwa-e-Uhud ) was the second major battle between Muslims and the Quraysh of Makkah in 3 AH (625 AD). It was fought in the valley of Mount Uhud (north of Madinah). Despite initial gains, Muslims suffered heavy casualties during the battle due to the indiscipline approach of newly converted young Muslims. However, this battle remained indecisive as Quraysh could not destroy the city-state of Madinah, and the two armies met again in 5 AH for the Battle of Trench . Causes of the Battle of Uhud The Battle of Badr in 2 AH proved disastrous for Quraysh, during which they lost 70 men, including several tribal chiefs. Now, they were anxious to take revenge for their defeat and reinstate their reputation in Arabia. After the defeat at Badr, the Jews of Madinah also invited Quraysh for another invasion of Madinah and assured their full support for Quraysh against Muslims despite their treaty with Muslims. Jews were feeling pressure due to the gaining of strength by Mu...

The Battle of Badr ( Ghazwa-e-Badr) was the first major battle between Muslims and Quraysh, fought in 2 AH (624 AD). It was a decisive battle in favor of Muslims, and they emerged as a significant political power in the Arabian Peninsula after their victory in this battle. Background Muslims had to migrate to Madinah in 623 AD to save themselves from the persecution of Quraysh. In Madinah, they established a Muslim brotherhood between the local Muslims ( Ansar ) and the emigrants ( Muhajirin ). They also signed a treaty (Charter of Madinah) with other groups living inside Madinah to create harmony among all the residents of Madinah. This situation was alarming for Quraysh as the Muslims were now free to spread their religion, which could lessen the importance of Quraysh in the Arabian Peninsula. Quraysh was also worried due to the strategic location of Madinah due to its closeness to the main trade route from Makkah to Sham (Levant). Controlling Madinah allowed the Muslims to ...

Umayyad Caliphate, or Umayyad Dynasty,  was the first Muslim dynasty formed after Rashidun Caliphate. The Umayyad Caliphate lasted around 90 years, from 661 to 750 AD. It was established after the end of the  First Fitnah (First Muslim Civil War) and barely recovered from Second Fitnah (Second Muslim Civil War) at the beginning of their rule. The Umayyad Caliphate is known for the expansion of conquered territories in Asia, Europe, and Africa and the unity of the empire. Soon after the fall of the Umayyad Dynasty , the new Caliphate of the Abbasid Dynasty failed to retain its unification. Background and Establishment Umayyad or Banu Umayya is a clan of Quresh Tribe. A prominent figure of Banu Ummaya was the third Rashidun Caliph Usman bin Affan (RA),  a prominent sahabi (companion) and son-in-law of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) . Many prominent members of the Umayyad clan embraced Islam after the conquest of Makkah by Muhammad (PBUH). In 639, the second Calip...

Adolf Hitler is one of the most well-known figures of the 20 th Century thanks to his role in initiating and developing World War 2. He was directly behind the assassination of millions of Jews, Slavs, and other civilians during the war. A lot has been written about the personal and political life of this infamous personality. However, several aspects of his life are  still unknown to people. Following are a few of the most interesting and unbelievable facts about Adolf Hitler’s life. Not a German by Birth Hitler was the most aggressive proponent of German nationalism. However, he wasn’t German by birth. He was born in Austria during the last decade of the 20 th Century. He moved to Germany in the early 1920s and renounced his Austrian citizenship in 1925. During his stay in Germany, he legally remained nation-less for seven years. He was given citizenship in Germany in 1932. Long Mo ustaches Hitler is commonly known for having unique toothbrush mustaches. But ...