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Umar bin Khattab, popularly known as Umar Farooq (the Distinguisher between truth and falsehood), was a companion (sahabi) and father-in-law of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) . He was the second Caliph of the  Rashidun Caliphate after Abu Bakr (RA). He ruled for ten years and is known as one of the best Muslim rulers due to the expansion of the Islamic State and his social security measures for the well-being of people.  Michael Hart  placed him   in his famous book " The 100 " for his achievements during the caliphate.   Life Before Islam Umar was born in Makkah in 579 AD to the Banu Adi clan of Quraysh. The names of his father and mother were Khattab bin Nufayl and Hantama bint Hisham respectively . He was among the few literate people of Makkah who could read and write. He was tall, well-built, a good wrestler, and athlete. Like many other people of Quraysh, he became a merchant in his early life. He was a strict opponent of Islam before his conver...

Abu Bakr (RA) was a companion and father-in-law of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). He was also the first Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate. His real name was Abdullah bin Abu Quhafah. His popular name, Abu Bakr (father of a young camel), was due to his love for young camels during childhood. He was a close friend of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) even before the arrival of Islam and among the first ones to embrace Islam. Muslims regard him as the grand companion among the companions ( Sahaba ) of the Prophet (PBUH). Early Life Abu Bakr (RA) was born around 573 AD in Makkah ( Saudi Arabia ) in the clan of Banu Taym (Quraysh tribe). Usman Abu Quhafah was the name of his father, while Salma bint Sakhar was his mother. During his teens, he adopted the occupation of a cloth merchant. He became a wealthy and prominent merchant after some time. Abu Bakr (RA) was among the few literate persons of Makkah. He was fond of poetry and Arab genealogy.  Even before Islam, he disliked alcohol drink...

According to Muslim belief, Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him) is the last prophet of Allah. He spent his whole life spreading the message of Allah. For this purpose, he strived hard and succeeded in spreading the light of Islam in the Arabian Peninsula. After his death, his companions and later Muslims spread Islam to far-flung areas of the world. His continuous struggle for a noble cause is a guide for the whole of humanity. Life Before Prophethood In 570 AD, Muhammad (PBUH) was born in Makkah . His father (Abdullah) died before his birth, and he lost his mother (Aamna) when he was just six years old. Later, his grandfather (Abdul Muttalib) and uncle (Abu Talib)  brought him up. At a younger age, he started  trade as an  occupation. At 25 years of age, he married a pious and wealthy woman of Makkah, Khadijah (RA) , who was impressed with his honesty in business.  Life After Prophethood At age 40, Allah revealed the initial verses of the Holy Qur’an t...

The Europeans discovered the North & South Americas during the last decade of the 15 th Century. Very little was known about this New World before. Between 1492 and 1503 AD, Christopher Columbus discovered the West Indies, Central America, and northern South America for Spain. John Cabot was the first person to reach North America in 1497. It is estimated he discovered Newfoundland (Canada) for England. A Portuguese explorer, Pedro Alvares, discovered Brazil in 1500 AD. Modern-day United States of America (USA) was initially discovered by a Spanish explorer Juan Ponce in 1513 when he arrived in modern-day Florida. This article covers the History of the United States of America (USA) rather than the continents of North & South America. Period before Discovery It is not exactly known when the Native Americans initially settled in the Americas and modern-day USA. However, it is estimated that they started arriving in the USA (including Alaska ) about 30,000...

World history is incomplete without the inclusion of history of Europe. Different nations of the European Continent played major roles in the political, economic, and scientific history of the world. From the classical to the modern  period, one or more European nations remained at the forefront of World Politics. Prehistoric Period According to recent scientific research, modern  humans initially inhabited Europe nearly 54,000 years ago [ 1 ]. This initial European era is divided into the  Paleolithic (stone), the  Neolithic (New Stone), and the Bronze Age. The technical advancements in these periods came through the Mediterranean people in the south and gradually spread to northwest Europe.  A few famous civilizations of the Bronze Age were the Minoan (27 th Century-15 th Century BC) and Mycenaean (1600-1100 BC), both in modern-day Greece. The prehistoric period in Europe has left several inventions in arts and architecture that still amaze today. Some...

Islam is currently the second largest and the fastest growing religion in the world [ 1 ]. However, it started modestly and could only convince a limited number of people in its birthplace in the early decades. Earlier Muslims faced severe opposition and hardships before overpowering their opponents.    After its beginning in the 7th Century up to the 19th Century, Islam spread rapidly across continents thanks to military conquests and missionary work. During this period, it gave rise to powerful empires, and experienced both periods of unity and deep fragmentation. Below is an overview of the most significant events and caliphates that shaped Islamic civilization. Arabia before Islam Before the advent of Islam, most people in the Arabian peninsula, especially Hejaz, were polytheists. They were worshippers of various idols, and there were 360 idols in the Kaaba, a worship place in  Makkah built by past prophets for the worship of Allah Almighty alone. The Arab tribe ...